th century a中外医学史.ppt

SPHYGMOMANOMETER,1896 Scipione Riva-Rocci (1863 — 1937) 是一个意大利的内科医生，同时也是一位儿科医生。他发明了一个易于使用版的血压计。 神经外科学家 Harvey Cushing 发展了Rocci的设计，发明了最终版的血压计。这种血压计成功地吸引了全世界医生的注意，是血压计最终成为了医院的常被仪器。 使用物理学的原理 力图发现 the “focus” 从定性观察发展为定量测量 MAJOR MEDICAL INVENTIONS Use of Phathology New clinical entities developed from the new orientation towards disease. 被医生们的物理诊断手段探明的内部症状群补充了对外在症状的收集 。 比方说肺结核： 内部症状： a disease of the tissues caused by the growth of tubercles. 补充了外部症状 ：wasting of the body, often accompanied by discomfort in the lungs, coughing, and fever 人们根据发烧所涉及的组织的不同，对各种类型的发烧进行分类，这种分类的结果就是新的诊断： such as typhoid, typhus, and diphtheria. Tuberculosis and Beauty 他们都有突出的双眼，苍白的皮肤，凹陷的双颊上泛出红晕。 Wilhelm Griesinger (1817-1868) 十九世纪，Wilhelm Griesinger 始终坚持这样的信仰： madness was caused by physical changes in brain tissue, 虽然这是他们还不能够把疯狂的症状和尸体解剖中的特定位置联系起来。 Mental illnesses were attributed to pathology 1832 Anatomy Act Before the Anatomy Act of 1832 这一时期的医学教育越来越强调对身体物质结构的探究，作为这一教学的思潮发展的结果，对于作为教具的患者或尸体的需求也在增加。 教授和学生们需要人体作为他们的解剖材料。相应地，盗尸（body-snatching from graveyards）在英国和其他地方变得越来越频繁。 Burke and Hare scandal 19世纪20年代晚期的Burke and Hare scandal 推动了向解剖学教授供应尸体的相关规章的建立. William Burke and William Hare, who ran a poor lodging house in Edinburgh, sold anatomists the bodies of those who died in their house; when no deaths occurred naturally, they smothered（使窒息） at least sixteen people. A few years after, Anatomy Act of 1832 helped remedy the problem by assigning all unclaimed bodies to the dissectors. It provided for the needs of physicians, surgeons and students by giving them legal access to corpses that were unclaimed after death, in particular those who died in prison or the workhouse. The act was effective in ending the practice of Resurrectionists （挖尸贼）who robbed graves as a means of obtaining cadavers for medical study. 1832 Anatomy Act A United Kingdom Act of P