土木 建筑 外文翻译 外文文献 英文文献 改造和升级.doc

外文文献翻译 Protection,prevention,repair, renovation and upgrading （摘自《Management of Deteriorating Concrete Structures》Chapter 7作者George Somerville ） 7.1 Introduction The need to repair concrete structure is not new. Much of the early work involved making good via patch repairs and crack filling, for aesthetic and serviceability reasons[7.1]. As the concrete infrastructure of the mid-20th century matured, there was also a demand to strengthen or upgrade to meet changes in use or increase in loadings. The need to treat cases of corrosion emerged in the 1950s with post-war prefabricated reinforced concrete housing,and many of the references to Chapter 2 detail examples of corrosion in highway structures as the use of de-icing salts increased rapidly in the early 1960s.Reference[7.2] gives some details of this ,and reference [7.3] is a detailed review of the situation in the UK and France with regard to post-tesioned concrete bridges. As durability concerns became more widespread, and consequences of failure more critical, repair became a growth industry, and options available on the market increased significantly in term of principles and approaches, and the individual solutions within each basic approach. This taining over 200 short papers on all aspects of the problem. The literature is full of individual case studies, describing what has been physically done and giving some reasons for selecting a particular option; it is often diffcult to draw general conclusions from these. Such articles, which are also helpful since they provide website addressers,appear most frequently in concrete-related journals such as Concrete from the Concrete Society in the UK. In North America, the various journals of the American Concrete Institute (ACI) do a similar job, and focus on repair is provided by the International Concrete Repair Institute (ICRI),which publishs a bimonthly Bulletin, and whose website gives details of available publications in the USA; gene