欧洲启蒙运动思想家和主张.doc

欧洲启蒙运动思想家和主张 欧洲启蒙运动思想家和主张 悬赏分：20 - 解决时间：2008-8-25 18:50 问题补充：如果满意在加20分 提问者： 轩辕雨儿 - 三级最佳答案[英]霍布斯：1.国家不是根据神的意志而是人们通过社会契约创造的，君权也 不是神授的，而是人民授予的。 2.统治者一旦获得授权，人民就要绝对服从，不可反悔。 3.不反对君主专制，专制政权有干涉臣民私有财产的权利 4.世界上根本没有神，宗教不过是人类恐惧无知的产物；宗教有助于维护社会秩序。 [英]洛克：1.人们按契约成立国家的目的之一就是保护私有财产，国家政权不应该干涉臣民的财产。 2.赞成君主立宪制，主张国家的立法权、行政权和处理外交事务的权利应该分属议会和君主。 [法]伏尔泰：1.极力抨击天主教会，对罗马教皇进行了猛烈批评。 2.反对君主专制，希望通过“开明”的君主实行改革，过渡到英国式的君主立宪制。 [法]孟德斯鸠：明确提出立法权、司法权和行政权三权分立的原则。立法权应由人民集体享有，司法独立，君主则只享有行政权。三者之间以权力的”制约和平衡“为核心，互相独立、互相监督。 [法]卢梭：否定封建王权，倡导“社会契约论”和“人民主权说”。认为统治者如果违反了民意，侵犯了人民的权利，撕毁大家都应该遵守的社会契约，践踏公共意志，人民就有权推翻它。 [法]狄德罗：主编了一部《百科全书》，宣扬科学和理性，反对迷信和专制。 2418世纪启蒙运动的基本特征 悬赏分：10 - 提问时间2008-12-25 19:16 详细一点，考试用的，谢了 提问者： 圣战之矢 - 一级其他回答 共 2 条 高中历史书上有讲述,回去看看. 回答者： SB圣者 - 二级 2008-12-25 19:19 十八世纪欧洲启蒙运动的背景与特点 ----西方文学与文化之二十 1. The history In the whole history of Europe, the 18th century is of paramount importance, for it is not only a transition from feudalistic Europe to Bourgeois Europe, it is also a transition from an old Europe to a new one. In this historical period, although feudalism was still in the dominant position, the bourgeois class was gaining more ground, and eventually they seized the governing power from the former and bourgeois governments were set up in some countries. Since the Renaissance the clash between the bourgeoisie and the feudalists had never been quiet. Now, after about 300 hundred years of development, the new born bourgeoisie was no longer a young kid, and they were strong enough to dominate their fate. However, the struggle itself was a bitter one. During this historical period, England and France were still two leading countries, especially England. In England, bourgeois revolution took place as early as in the 17th century, and in 1642, the king was even beheaded. Cromwell became the Lord Protector. However in 1688, after the death of Cromwell, the so-called “Glorious Revolution” took place, and the royal family who f