Biology of microorganisms 名词解释带翻译.doc

Chapter 1 Cell the fundamental unit of living matter Chemolithotrophy化能无机营养 a form of metabolism in which energy is generated 产生from inorganic compounds无机化合物 Communication interactions交流 between cells using chemical signals Differentiation分化 modification修饰 of cellular components细胞组分 to form a new structure, such as a spore孢子 Ecosystem 生态系统 organisms plus their nonliving非生物的 environment Enrichment culture technique富集培养技术 a method for isolating隔离 specific microorganisms from nature using specific culture media and incubation conditions包被条件 Enzyme a protein (or in some cases an RNA) catalyst催化剂 that functions to speed up chemical reactions Evolution descent 下降、血统with modification修饰 leading to new forms or species Genome 基因组an organism’s full complement of genes一整套基因 Genomics 基因组学the identification 识别and analysis of genomes Growth in microbiology, an increase in cell number with time Habitat the environment in which a microbial population resides居住 Koch’s postulates 科赫法则a set of 一套criteria 准则for proving that a given 特定的microorganism causes a given特定的 disease Metabolism 新陈代谢all biochemical 生化reactions in a cell Microbial community 微生物群落two or more populations of cells that coexist共存 and interact 相互作用in a habitat Microbial ecology微生物生态学 the study of microorganisms in their natural environments Microorganism 微生物a microscopic organism consisting of包含…； a single cell or cell cluster 群集or a virus Motility能动性 the movement of cells by some form of 某种形式self-propulsion自推进 Pathogen 病原体a disease-causing致病的 microorganism Pure culture 纯培养a culture培养 containing a single kind of 一种microorganism Spontaneous generation 自然发生the hypothesis假设 that living organisms 生物体can originate from 发源于nonliving matter非生物体 Sterile 不育free of 没有all living organisms (cells) and viruses Chapter 2 Archaea古生菌 one of two known domains of...的域 prokaryotes原核生物; compare with 与…相比较Bacteria Autotroph 自养生物an organism able to grow with carbon dioxide (CO2) as its sole carbon source唯一碳原 Bacteria one of two known doma