大学英语六级阅读历年真题训练unit21（B）.pdf

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PassageThree

Questions31to35arebasedonthefollowingpassage

Warmaybeanaturalexpressionofbiologicalinstinctsanddrivestowardaggressioninthehumanspecies.atural

impulsesofanger,hostility,andterritoriality(守卫地盘的天性)areexpressedthroughactsofviolence.Theseareallqualities

thathumanssharewithanimals.Aggressionisakindofinnate(天⽣的)survivalmechanism,aninstinctforself-preservation,

thatallowsanimalstodefendthemselvesfromthreatstotheirexistence.But,ontheotherhand,humanviolenceshows

evidenceofbeingalearnedbehavior.Inthecaseofhumanaggression,violencecannotbesimplyreducedtoaninstinct.

Themanyexpressionsofhumanviolencearealwaysconditionedbysocialconventionsthatgiveshapetoaggressive

behavior.Inhumansocietiesviolencehasasocialfunction:Itisastrategyforcreatingordestroyingformsofsocialorder.

Religioustraditionshavetakenaleadingroleindirectingthepowersofviolence.Wewilllookattheritualandethical(道德上

的)patternswithinwhichhumanviolencehasbeendirected.

Theviolencewithinasocietyiscontrolledthroughinstitutionsoflaw.Themoredevelopedalegalsystembecomes,themore

societytakesresponsibilityforthediscovery,control,andpunishmentofviolentacts.Inmosttribalsocietiestheonlymeans

todealwithanactofviolenceisrevenge.Eachfamilygroupmayhavetheresponsibilityforpersonallycarryingoutjudgment

andpunishmentuponthepersonwhocommittedtheoffense.Butinlegalsystems,theresponsibilityforrevengebecomes

depersonalizedanddiffused.Thesocietyassumestheresponsibilityforprotectingindividualsfromviolence.Incaseswhere

theycannotbeprotected,thesocietyisresponsibleforimposingpunishment.Inastatecontrolledlegalsystem,individuals

areremovedfromthecycleofrevengemotivatedbyactsofviolence,andthestateassumesresponsibilityforthe

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