城市化进程和经济增长外文文献2017年.doc

外文文献翻译 原文及译文 文献出处：Davy Haw. The urbanization process and economic growth: The so-what question[J]. Journal of Economic Growth, 2017, 1(8): 47-71. 原文 The Urbanization Process and Economic Growth: The So-What Question Davy Haw Introduction There is an enormous literature on the urbanization process that occurs with development (see Davis and Henderson, 2003 for a review). There are two key aspects to the process. One is urbanization itself and the other is urban concentration, or the degree to which urban resources are concentrated in one or two large cities, as opposed to spread over many cities. Part of the interest in the urbanization process arises because urbanization and growth seem so interconnected. In any year, the simple correlation coefficient across countries between the percent urbanized in a country and, say, GDP per capita (in logs) is about 0.85. The reason is clear. Usually economic development involves the transformation of a country from a rural agricultural based economy to an industrial service based economy (as well as releasing labor from agriculture, as labor-saving technologies are introduced). That transformation involves urbanization, as firms and workers cluster in cities to take advantage of Marshalls (1890) localized external economies of scale in manufacturing and services (Henderson, 1974; Fujita and Ogawa, 1982; Helsley and Strange, 1990; Duranton and Puga, 2001). Economists have tended to focus on the issue of urban concentration, rather than urbanization per se. The literature that does exist on urbanization examines rural versus urban bias in the transformation process. Governments may favor the urban-industrial sector with trade protection policies, infrastructure investments, or capital market subsidies or they may discriminate against the rural sector with agricultural price controls (Renaud, 1981; O, 1993), both leading workers to migrate to cities. But there can be a bias towards inhibiting urbanization. For example, form