留学生Essay写作—女性职业发展的障碍.docxVIP

留学生论文专业定制代写网站 专业提供留学生各类essay定制写作服务 留学生Essay写作—女性职业发展的障碍 Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW This sections presents a review of literature pertinent to this study including a history of mentoring,the barriers for women in career advancement,the relationship between mentoring and career advancement,mentoring in healthcare administration,and the advantages and disadvantages of formal and informal mentoring. History of Mentoring Mentoring is rooted in Greek mythology and arose as a concept in a story where Athena,the goddess of wisdom,assumed a male form and called herself Mentor.Athena acted as a surrogate parent to Telemachus when the boy’s father,Odysseus,fought in the Trojan War.Athena provided guidance and instruction to the boy as the latter assumed the leadership of the household and groomed him to be Ithaca’s future ruler(Butler,1944).Hence,the concept of mentoring has been shaped by the notion of a relationship where a more experienced adult guides a youthful individual(Kram,1985).More specifically,Kram(1985)describes mentoring as“a relationship between a younger adult and an older,more experienced adult[who]helps the younger individual learn to navigate the adult world and the world of work”(p.2).Lacey(2001)states that the term“mentor”has since evolved to represent either a counselor,teacher,or friend and the mentoring relationship now connotes a partnership where the primary purpose is the exchange of information and knowledge distinct to a given industry or organization.Other authors refer to mentoring relationships as“sponsor,patron,and godfather”relationships(Rowe,1978,as cited in Kram,1985).A literature review on mentoring across various disciplines by Hayes(2001)produced the definition of mentoring“as a process of building trust between two people,one is experienced and the other is a newcomer”(p.29).Carmin(1988)provides a comprehensive definition of mentoring: Mentoring is a complex,interactive process,occurring between individuals of differing levels of