公共财政学教学课件：Chapter_03 TOOLS OF NORMATIVE ANALYSIS.ppt

CHAPTER 3 TOOLS OF NORMATIVE ANALYSIS 提问，请准备： 请用数学表达式说明normal/inferior /necessaries /luxury good等概念。 无差异曲线（Indifference curve)的几个特征。 请用图表示等成本线（iso-cost curve)、等产量线(iso-quant curve)，说明什么是边际技术替代率（marginal rate of technical substitution) 请用图表示总成本(total cost)、平均成本(average cost)、边际成本(marginal cost) 在完全竞争市场上单个厂商如何决定产量？ 厂商的盈亏状态如何判断？ 在完全竞争市场上厂商如何达到长期均衡？ 在垄断市场上单个厂商如何决定产量？ 定基 价格指数（Fixed base index of price)和环比 价格指数(chain index of price) Welfare Economics Welfare Economics – branch of economic theory concerned with the social desirability of alternative economic states Edgeworth Box a simple economic problem to allocate amounts of two good between two people Any point within the Edgeworth Box represents some allocation of two goods between two people. Indifference curves with greater numbers represent higher levers of happiness. Edgeworth Box Indifference curves in Edgeworth Box Pareto improvement Pareto improvement: a reallocation of resources that makes one person better off without making anyone else worse off. Pareto efficient allocation: No person can be better off without making another person worse off. Contract curve: the locus of all the Pareto efficient points. Pareto efficiency requires that the marginal rate of substitution be equal for all consumers Making Adam better off without Eve becoming worse off Making Eve better off without Adam becoming worse off Making both Adam and Even better off Starting from a different initial point The Contract Curve Pareto Efficiency in Consumption MRSaf = MRSaf consumption Pareto efficient & contract curve Production Possibilities Curve Marginal Rate of Transformation MRTaf = Marginal rate of transformation of apples for fig leaves MRTaf = MCa/MCf Efficiency Conditions with Variable Production MRTaf = MRSaf = MRSaf MCa/MCf = MRSaf = MRSaf 提问，请准备： 请用图表示等成本线（iso-cost curve)、等产量线(iso-quant curve)，说明什么是边际技术替代率（marginal rate of technical substitution) 请用图表示总成本(total cost)、平均成本(average cost)、边际成本(marginal