经济专业经济学原理.pptx

Supply and Demand供给与需求Chapter 3Introduction 引言How do market mechanisms decide WHAT to produce, HOW to produce, and FOR WHOM to produce? 市场机制如何决定生产什么，怎样生产以及为谁生产？Specifically:What determines the price of a good or service? 商品或服务的价格是由什么决定的？How does the price of a product affect its production or consumption? 商品的价格如何影响商品的生产和消费？Specifically:Why do prices and production levels often change? 为什么商品的价格和产量水平会经常波动？Market Participants 市场参与者Millions of people participate directly or indirectly in the U.S. economy. 成千上万的人直接或间接参与到美国经济当中。Maximizing Behavior 最大化行为Consumers maximize their utility (satisfaction) given limited resources. 消费者试图利用有限的资源，获得效用最大化Businesses try to maximize profits by using resources efficiently in producing goods. 厂商努力提高生产效率，追求利润最大化Government maximizes general welfare of society. 政府努力使社会福利最大化。Maximizing Behavior 最大化行为The basic goals of utility maximization, profit maximization, and welfare maximization explain most market activity. 效用最大化、利润最大化和社会福利最大化的基本目标解释了大多数市场行为Specialization and Exchange分工和交换Buying and selling goods and services in the market maximizes our wellbeing because of two simple observations. 在市场上买卖商品和劳务能够使我们的福利最大化，这一观点主要源于两个简单的事实。Economic interactions with others occur because:经济交换会发生，因为We can’t produce all of the goods we need or desire. 我们无法生产我们所需要的一切物品。We have limited time, energy, and resources to produce things we could make for ourselves. 个人的时间、精力和资源是有限的，这使得我们只能生产我们能够生产的东西The Circular Flow 循环流Four different groups participate in our economy:参与市场的有四类主体：Consumers消费者Business firms 厂商Government政府Foreigners国际参与者The Two Markets 两个市场Factor markets are any place where factors of production (e.g., land, labor, capital) are bought and sold.要素市场 生产要素（土地，劳动力，资本等）交易的场所Product Markets are any place where finished goods and services (products) are bought and sold.产品市场 商品和劳务的买卖场所The Two Markets 两个市场Foreigners both buy and sell in both product and factor markets. 国外参与者既向我们买卖商品和劳务，也参与了要素市场。Governments buy resources from factor markets and provides s