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Chemical treatment of crystalline silicon solar cells as a method of recovering pure silicon from
p h o t o v o l t a i c m o d u l e s
Renewable Energy
Photovoltaic technology is used worldwide to provide reliable and cost-effective electricity for industrial, commercial,
residential and community applications. The average lifetime of PV modules can be expected to be more than 25
years. The disposal of PV systems will become a problem in view of the continually increasing production of PV
modules. These can be recycled for about the same cost as their disposal.
Photovoltaic modules in crystalline silicon solar cells are made from the following elements, in order of mass: glass,
aluminium frame, EVA copolymer transparent hermetising layer, photovoltaic cells, installation box, Tedlar protective
foil and assembly bolts. From an economic point of view, taking into account the price and supply level, pure silicon,
which can be recycled from PV cells, is the most valuable construction material used.
Recovering pure silicon from damaged or end-of-life PV modules can lead to economic and environmental benefits.
Because of the high quality requirement for the recovered silicon, chemical processing is the most important stage of
the recycling process. The chemical treatment conditions need to be precisely adjusted in order to achieve the
required purity level of the recovered silicon. For PV systems based on crystalline silicon, a series of etching
processes was carried out as follows: etching of electric connectors, anti-reflective coating and n-p junction. The
chemistry of etching solutions was individually adjusted for the different silicon cell types. Efforts were made to
formulate a universal composition for the etching solution. The principal task at this point was to optimise the etching
temperature, time and alkali concentration in
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