完形填空的设计.ppt

完形填空的设计 Shakle Xia 提纲 完形填空的实例 完形填空的理论基础 完形填空的发展过程 完形填空的评价功能 完形填空的语篇要求 完形填空的语篇设计要求 完形填空的选项设计要求 国内同类试题命制策略 国内同类试题案例分析 完形填空的理论基础 格式塔心理学 [Gestalt psychology] ? Gestalt psychology is a theory of mind and brain positing that the operational principle of the brain is holistic, parallel, and analog, with self-organizing tendencies, or that the whole is different from the sum of its parts. 20世纪重要心理学流派，现代知觉理论的基础。现代德语中Gestalt(格式塔)一词指事物被“放置”或“构成整体”的方法；在心理学中，该词常表示“模式”或“完形”。强调任何事物的整体不等于它的各个部分的总和：任何机体倾向于感觉整体模式或完形，而不是其局部。该理论的观点是：人们观察物体形状时,往往下意识地把不连贯的空缺的部分填补上，然后把它看成一个完整的形状. 完形填空的发展过程 完形测试(cloze test)起初称完形程序(cloze procedure)。 完形测试最初用于测试智商,方法是：让受试看一些画面不完整的图画，检查他们能否根据常识和想象力,发现画面的规律性特点，辨认出画面的内容。也就是根据个人掌握的知识，经过分析和推理，然后作出判断，在脑海中将不完整的画面补全，以期获得完整的信息。 随着心理学和语言学研究的发展,完形测试被引入语言教学领域。语言学家们认为，完形填空可用于检查学生外语学习的综合水平，在知识层次，它可以检查词汇，语法知识；在应用层次，它可以检查结合背景知识理解全文主题大意和作者意图的能力，根据上下文运用语言知识猜测生词词义的能力，以及全面驾驭语篇，获取信息的能力。 完形填空的评价功能 Cloze is considered an integrative rather than a discrete point test because it draws at once on the overall grammatical, semantic and rhetorical knowledge of the language. To reconstruct the textual message, learners have to understand key ideas and perceive inter – within a stretch of continuous discourse and they have to produce, rather than simply recognize an appropriate word for each blank.? The focus of the task involved is more communicative than formal in nature and it is therefore considered to reflect a person’s ability to function in the language. 完形填空的语篇要求 The difficulty level of the passage should be suited to the level of the learners. The passage should be of some general topic which does not require technical knowledge. 完形填空的语篇设计种类 Mechanical deletion cloze (Fixed-ratio) The standard test construction technique known as the fixed ratio method involves deleting every ‘n’ the word (where ‘n’ usually varies from five to ten) and replacing each one with a standardized blank (usually about fifteen typed spaces).? The standard length of cloze is fifty item