普通生态学课件Ecology Ⅰ.pdf

Ecology Ⅰ Lecture 1 1. the definition of ecology: Ecology is the study of relationships between living organisms and their environments, the interactions of organisms with one another, and the patterns and causes of the abundance and distribution of organisms in nature (Gurevitch et al. 2002) 2. Origin: Greek oikos. Okologie for German. 3. Ernst Haeckel first defined the word ecology: ecology is the study of all the complex interrelationships referred to by Darwin as the conditions of the struggle for existence. ECONOMY OF NATURE. 4. Atoms-Molecules-Cells-Tissues-Organs-Organism-Population-Community-Ecosystem-Biosphere 5. Organism: Physiological Ecology Population: Population Ecology Community: Community Ecology Ecosystem: Ecosystem Ecology 6. Methods: Observation Experiments Models 7. Case 1.1:Poa annua . （早熟禾）Invasion. Seeds of plants such as Poa annua —an annual grass (right) that is already established on the Antarctic Peninsula —are hitchhiking (搭便车) to even higher latitude areas of the continent on the clothing and supplies of tourists and scientists. 8. Case 1.2:opah(月鱼 Lampris guttatus ) 温带海产美味食用鱼 the fish has a special insulated network of blood vessels between the heart and the gills. These vessels act as a heat exchanger in which warm blood from the heart reheats oxygenated blood leaving the gills before it goes to the body. In this way heat is retained and not dissipated into the ocean. This enables the opah to maintain a body temperature 5°C higher than the surrounding water and to dive 500 metres below the surface without cooling down. An insulating layer of fat in the skin keeps the heart, brain, muscles and vital organs warm. 9. Case 1.4:温暖化如何影响高寒草地生态系统的结构和功能?/它和降水格局的交互作用如何? 实验设计:2温度 水平