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Managing Coasts with
Natural Solutions
Guidelines for Measuring and Valuing the Coastal
Protection Services of Mangroves and Coral Reefs
WAVES TECHNICAL REPORT January 2016
Wealth Accounting and the
Valuation of Ecosystem Services
World Bank. 2016. Managing Coasts with Natural Solutions: Guidelines for Measuring and
Valuing the Coastal Protection Services of Mangroves and Coral Reefs. M. W. Beck and G-M.
Lange, editors. Wealth Accounting and the Valuation of Ecosystem Services Partnership
(WAVES), World Bank, Washington, DC.
Contents
Acknowledgements 7
Abbreviations and Acronyms 8
Executive Summary 9
1 Introduction 21
1.1 Wealth Accounting and Valuation of Ecosystem Services (WAVES) 21
1.2 Process for Developing the Guidance Note 22
1.3 How to Use the Information 22
1.4 Limitations and Cautions 23
2 Coastal Defense Services Provided by Mangroves24
2.1 Summary 24
2.2 Introduction24
2.3 Wind and Swell Waves 24
2.4 Storm Surges 32
2.5 Tsunamis 39
2.6 Mangroves as a Form of Sustainable Coastal Defense 45
2.7 Conclusions 47
2.8 References 47
3 Coastal Defense Services Provided by Coral Reefs 54
3.1 Summary 54
3.2 Coral Reefs: Basic Ecology and Biogeography 54
3.3 Role of Coral Reefs in Coastal Protection55
3.4 Threats to Coral Reefs and Implications for Coastal Protection59
3.5 Coral Reef Restoration 62
3.6 Engineered Structures 64
3.7 Cost Effectiveness of Coral Reef Restoration67
3.8 Conclusions 67
3.9 References 67
4 Ecosystem Service and Coastal Engineering Tools for Coastal Protection
and Risk Reduction 75
4.1 Summary 75
4.2 Introduction 75
4.3 Methods and results 76
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