12 第12 课 石油的分馏.pptx

GangDongPolytechnicTeacher：XuFengLiuFractionalDistillationofPetroleum

FractionalDistillationofPetroleumPart1

FractionalDistillationofPetroleumThecrudepetroleumisfractionallydistilled,andthefractionsarecollectedoverarangeofboilingpoint.Thecarboncontentofthealkanesineachfractioncorrespondsapproximatelytoadefiniterange,withthesimpler,morevolatilehomologuesdistillingoverfirst.

FractionalDistillationofPetroleum对原油进行蒸馏，在收集一定的沸点范围内的馏分。每部分馏分中烷烃的碳含量基本上在一确定的范围，较简单、易挥发的同系物先被蒸馏出来。

FractionalDistillationofPetroleumHowever,thecarboncontentoflighterfractionsisenhancedbyacertainproportionofthemorevolatilebranchedcompoundsofhigherrelativemolecularmass.Inpractice,thisisoflittleconsequenceastheusestowhicheachfractionisapplieddependalmostessentiallyupontheirvolatilityandviscosityratherthanupontheirrespectiveconstituents.

FractionalDistillationofPetroleum然而，一定比例的相对分子质量较高、挥发性较强的支链化合物的存在，提高轻质馏份的碳原子含量。在实际上，这没有什么影响，因为每个馏分的用途基本上取决于它们的挥发性和粘度，而与它们各自的成分无关。

UsesoftheFractionsPart2

UsesoftheFractionsThemorevolatilefractionsareusedmainlyasfuel.FractionGasLightpetroleumgasolinekeroseneGasoilLubricatingoilAsphaltUsesHeatingOrganicsolventFuelforinternal-combustionenginesrequiringvolatileliquidsHeatingfuelandforenginesrequiringlessvolatileliquids,HeatingfuelandforDieselenginesLubricantRoadconstructionandroofing

UsesoftheFractions易挥发性组分通常用作燃料组分气体石油醚汽油煤油柴油润滑油沥青用途加热有机溶剂需要挥发性液体的内燃机燃料需要挥发性较小的液体内燃机燃料。加热燃料、用于柴油发动机润滑剂道路建设或屋顶

UsesoftheFractionsThelubricatingoilfractionoftencontainslong-chainalkanesofhighmeltingpointwhichmayformsolidwaxeswhencold.Ifthesewereallowedtoremaininthefraction,theywouldtendtoblocktheoilpipesintherefinery,particularlyincoldweather.Instead,theyareseparatedout

bycoolingthefractionandfiltering.Thesolidis

soldasParaffinwaxorusedtomake

Petrol