封闭词类指所有的功能词.PPT

Grammatical Hierarchy in Information Flow Translation CAO Zhixi School of Foreign Studies, Lingnan Normal University, 29 Cunjinlu, Zhanjiang 524048, PRC Email: caozhixi@ [1]曹志希等.高级英语同义词辨析与惯用法[M]. 北京：气象出版社，2000. [2]张克礼.新英语语法[M]. 北京：高等教育出版社，2001. [3]章振邦. 新编英语语法教程[M]. 上海：上海外语教育出版社，2004. 英语语法网址：42:8080/suite/solver/classView.do?classKey=1294351&menuNavKey=1294351 信息流翻译观网址：/kan/3497458697913834 虚拟语气的信息流翻译观：/u/2011078470 Grammar is the structural system of a language. The grammar of the English languages is organized in to five ranks: the sentence, the clause, the phrase, the word and the morpheme. Each rank is composed of one or more than one grammatical unit of the immediate lower rank. A full sentence can generally be segmented rank by rank down to its smallest constituents—the morpheme. sentence N.p Clause V.p Prep Det. Det. N Aux Mv. Adv N These under -graduate-s are rapidly improving in their writhing 0.1 Morpheme (词素） The morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit, also the smallest meaningful element of speech. Morphemes fall into two categories: free morphemes and bound morphemes. 1）Free morphemes (自由词素） 本身具有完整意义并能作为“简单词”而单独使用的词素 Examples: boy girl desk kind give take 2) Bound morphemes (粘附词素） 本身没有完整意义，不能单独使用，必须粘附在自由词素或其他形式上才能表示出意义的词素 Examples : anti-war Marxist unlucky postwar movement co-existence 0.2 Words The word is composed of one or more than one morpheme. Words can be classified in two ways: 1) Classification in terms of word-formation 2) Classification in terms of grammatical function. a) Simple Word (简单词） 又叫“单词素词”（morpheme word), 由单一自由词素构成，半是一些短小的词，如：at, by, foot, take, make 等; b) Derivative （派生词） 由词根加派生词缀构成，同一词根加不同词缀可表示不同的意义或不同的词性。 如：unfair, nonsmoker, misjudge, overeat, international, belittle 等 c) Compound（合成词） 通常由两个或